Codon Instrument thermodynamic codon optimization — a clear engine block

Design an mRNA sequence by letting physics settle it into place.

Pick a protein and a host cell. Every position is a categorical choice of synonymous codon; the machine writes down an energy — rare codons cost, GC content off-target costs, repeated runs cost — and relaxes toward the lowest-energy sequence with annealed block-Gibbs sampling. This is Extropic's published codon-optimization energy, run as a live instrument. Every gauge below is a real measurement of the sampler running in your browser.

E = wf·Σ rarity(cp)  +  wGC·(GC−target)²  +  wR·Σ repeat(cp,cp+1)

Protein

First 200 of the 1273-aa SARS-CoV-2 spike. Slide to the full protein.

Host cell

Real codon-usage tables (python_codon_tables). Human = the mRNA-vaccine setting; the COVID spike optimized for expression in a human cell.

Energy weights

log scale · 1 → 20000. Standard=1 (soft), Hard=2×10⁴ (GC enforced).

Sampler

Auto-ramps low→high while running (simulated annealing). Drag to steer heat by hand.
Linearizes the global GC term into a per-codon bias μ that adapts each step (Lagrangian) — avoids all-to-all coupling.
Re-anneal reheats to βmin and re-ramps — the chains never wipe, they keep their state and re-settle.
Best total energy
GC content
Sweeps
0
Flips / sweep
Overview — every codon, best chain GC 0 GC 3 just flipped
Live sequence — amino acid over its chosen codon
Click any codon above to inspect its live distribution — the sampler's actual conditional right now.
Total energy
Energy termsusage gc repeat
GC fraction → targetμ
mRNA output — lowest-energy sequence found
What this is. A browser simulation of the identical algorithm — simulated-annealing block-Gibbs sampling on the Potts codon energy from Extropic's codon_opt, with real E. coli / human / yeast codon-usage tables. The same program was reproduced at scale on the JAX/THRML implementation over the full 1273-aa spike: best energy 444.11 vs the paper's 444.0 (Hard weights) and 233.92 vs 234.0 (Standard) — matching to the decimal.
What this is not. The headline energy advantage (Extropic estimate: 10⁵–10⁹× less energy than a GPU) rests on their prototype-hardware measurements — cited as theirs, not reproduced here. This page proves the algorithm and the solution quality, run see-through; the substrate advantage is their measured claim.